What is ADHD: Symptoms, Causes, Types and Treatment Options

What is ADHD?

ADHD, also known as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, is a neurodevelopmental condition. It is typically diagnosed in childhood and can last into adulthood, however many people go undiagnosed until adulthood.

Therapy for ADHD

Medication is usually one of the primary treatments for adults and children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Still, therapy for ADHD can benefit those who want additional support or do not want to take medication. The goal of therapy for ADHD is not to change you but to teach you how to live in a way that makes your brain happy. Living with ADHD can have negative impacts on work, social life, home life, mental health, and physical health, not to mention it can just be frustrating at times. Therapy for ADHD provides practical skills, emotional regulation, and social support for people with ADHD.

There are various types of ADHD therapy, though some approaches may differ between children and adults. Working with a mental health therapist may be beneficial for people with ADHD. The following are the most used therapies for ADHD:

• Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)

The primary aim of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for ADHD is to get you to reflect on your thoughts, feelings, and behavior. This can assist you with improving your everyday life struggles, such as procrastination, time management issues, and poor planning. CBT therapist helps you in developing new coping strategies as well as identify emotions and behaviors that interfere with the implementation of these strategies.

• Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy

This form of ADHD therapy may be beneficial because of how meditation and mindfulness affect the brain. Some potential benefits are reduced daydreaming and distractibility due to improved brain functioning, which modulates attention, learning to recognize emotional states, emotional regulation, and enhanced executive functioning.

• Dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT)

Another therapy commonly used for individuals with ADHD is dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT). This form of ADHD therapy focuses on teaching individuals how to manage their ADHD symptoms through the following modules: Mindfulness, Emotion Regulation, Interpersonal Effectiveness and Distress Tolerance, Impulsivity/Hyperactivity, and Attention. Those who received this treatment did better than others.

• ADHD coaching

While not strictly psychotherapy, ADHD coaching is gaining popularity as a way for people with ADHD to manage symptoms and improve their quality of life. Though there is no set procedure, this type of life coaching typically includes goal-setting and homework, discussion of triumphs and setbacks, and problem-solving. Coaches use text messages, emails, and phone calls to remind clients of their goals. People are urged to use self-rewards or rewards from others.

• Supportive psychotherapy

Supportive therapy is a type of therapy for ADHD that assists clients in optimizing their existing coping skills so that these strategies can be used to reduce stress and control complaints, such as time management and organization. This form of ADHD therapy is very patient-driven and symptom-focused, such as anxiety or coursework management.

• Interpersonal therapy

Interpersonal therapy is usually used to address issues that have arisen between a client and others due to misunderstandings caused by their ADHD symptoms. A critical aspect of this type of therapy for ADHD is that the therapist can use it to help you determine the difference between how you feel and how behaviors impact others. This form of ADHD counseling can also tackle personal issues related to your ability to cope with your ADHD symptoms, like the feeling of failure or low self-esteem.

• Group therapy

Group therapy can help individuals with ADHD learn from others dealing with similar challenges and how they have dealt with or overcome them. It instructs group members on how to plan, start and end activities, make lifestyle changes, and solve problems in these areas. It employs a combination of techniques in the live sessions and doing homework outside of groups. Mindfulness meditation is also used to help group members reduce stress and boost attention.

• Narrative therapy

Narrative therapy is beneficial in helping individuals with ADHD reduce self-stigma. Many people with ADHD believe they are lazy and underachieving, which leads them to question the point of trying. Narrative therapy helps you externalize your problems so that the lack of focus becomes the issue rather than yourself. This form of ADHD counseling allows you to focus on your strengths rather than their difficulties.

ADHD vs ADD

You may have heard people say “Oh, I’m not ADHD, I’m ADD.” ADHD and ADD are often used interchangeably or to signify a small difference in symptomatology. Technically, ADHD stands for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and ADD stands for Attention Deficit Disorder. For a while, ADD was a way to communicate your struggle with the inattentive symptoms of ADHD and not the hyperactivity. 

This is now outdated terminology. ADHD applies to all aspects of its disorder, and “predominantly inattentive” is used to describe those who struggle with primary inattentive and impulsive symptoms and not hyperactive symptoms.

Causes of ADHD

There is not conclusive research into the causes of ADHD. However, researchers have found ADHD may be linked to:  

1. Genetics: ADHD tends to run in families, and studies have identified several genes that may be involved in its development
2. Brain development: research suggests that differences in brain structure and function may contribute to ADHD. For example, people with ADHD have frontal lobes and hippocampus that behave differently than a neurotypical peer.  
3. Environmental factors: prenatal exposure to toxins such as lead, alcohol, and tobacco has been linked to an increased risk of ADHD
4. Premature birth or low birth weight: studies have found that children born prematurely or with a low birth weight are at higher risk for ADHD
5. Brain injury or trauma: some research suggests that brain injuries or trauma may increase the risk of ADHD

Whatever causes ADHD, most researchers agree that if properly treated during childhood, symptoms tend to decrease as you age. However they never completely go away, and untreated ADHD often grows worse the longer it remains untreated.

Types of ADHD

ADHD manifests itself in three ways, depending on which kinds of symptoms are dominant in a person, though therapy for all of them is generally the same. The types of ADHD are as follows:

• ADHD, impulsive/hyperactive type

Characterized by impulsive and hyperactive behaviors. Fidgeting, excessive energy, not staying still, and talkativeness are all examples of hyperactivity that you might face if you have ADHD. Impulsivity refers to decisions or actions done without considering the consequences. 

• ADHD, inattentive and distractible type

Inattentiveness relates to difficulties with staying on task, focusing, and organizing. This form of ADHD is distinguished by symptoms such as inattention and distractibility rather than hyperactivity. 

• ADHD, combined type

This is the most prevalent form of ADHD. It is diagnosed when both inattentive and hyperactive/impulsive criteria are fulfilled, resulting in a mix of impulsive and hyperactive behaviors as well as inattention and distractibility.

ADHD in Women

ADHD affects women differently than men, often presenting with distinct symptoms that can be overlooked or misinterpreted. While the core symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity apply to both genders, women may experience additional challenges related to their ADHD. Here are some unique ADHD symptoms commonly observed in women:

1. Rejection Sensitive Dysphoria: Women with ADHD may be more sensitive to perceived criticism or rejection, leading to intense emotional responses and feelings of worthlessness.
2. Anxiety and Depression: It’s not uncommon for women with ADHD to first seek therapy for anxiety and depression before uncovering an ADHD diagnosis. Untreated ADHD has been linked to higher levels of anxiety and depression. 
3. Difficulty with Executive Functioning: Although both women and men face this symptom, it’s commonly overlooked in women or for it to be labeled as “daydreaming”, “ditzy”, or “quiet and in her own world.” Women may face challenges with organization, time management, and prioritization, which can impact various aspects of their lives, including work, home, and relationships.
4. Chronic Low Self-Esteem: Constantly falling short of their own expectations due to ADHD symptoms may lead to feelings of inadequacy and low self-worth.

Some research suggests that women may develop ADHD later than men, which contributes to the gender bias surrounding ADHD diagnosis. “Gender bias” refers to the unconscious bias of researchers, teachers, and therapists who may overlook girls with ADHD.

Adult ADHD

Understanding how ADHD presents in adults is crucial for accurate diagnosis and effective management. In adults, ADHD often manifests differently than in children, with symptoms that can impact various aspects of daily life. Common signs of ADHD in adults include:

1. Difficulty with Organization: Struggling to stay organized, meet deadlines, and manage responsibilities.
2. Time Management Challenges: Difficulty estimating time, leading to lateness and missed appointments.
3. Impulsivity: Acting on impulses without considering potential consequences, which can affect relationships and work.
4. Procrastination: Putting off tasks and finding it hard to get started on projects.
5. Emotional Dysregulation: Regular mood swings, heightened sensitivity, and difficulties in managing emotions.
6. Forgetfulness: Forgetting appointments, commitments, and important tasks.

Undiagnosed and untreated ADHD in adults can have significant effects on various aspects of life. It can lead to chronic underachievement, challenges in work or academic settings, strained relationships, and low self-esteem. Adults with untreated ADHD may also be at a higher risk of developing mood disorders such as anxiety and depression.

However, it's important to remember that help is available and that seeking support is a powerful step towards managing ADHD. With proper diagnosis and treatment, adults can learn effective strategies to cope with symptoms, improve their organizational skills, and regulate their emotions more effectively. Therapy, medication, and lifestyle adjustments can play essential roles in managing adult ADHD.

If these symptoms resonate with you, know that you're not alone. Seeking support from a qualified mental health professional can provide the guidance and tools necessary to navigate the challenges of adult ADHD. You deserve to live your brightest life, and understanding ADHD is a vital part of that journey.

Symptoms ADHD

ADHD is a complex disorder with many symptoms. Not everyone will experience the same symptoms. This list is from the DSM-5, the manual for diagnosing and treatment that therapists use. Many people with ADHD experience things not on this list, so it’s not conclusive. However, some of these symptoms must be present in order for a diagnosis to be given. 

Here is a list of symptoms, broken down into the three main categories of ADHD: Inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

Inattention Symptoms

1. Often fails to give close attention to details
2. Difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play
3. Does not listen when spoken to directly
4. Does not follow through on instructions
5. Difficulty organizing tasks and activities
6. Avoids tasks requiring sustained effort
7. Loses necessary items for tasks
8. Easily distracted by stimuli
9. Often forgetful in daily activities

Hyperactivity Symptoms

1. Often fidgets with hands or feet
2. Leaves seat in situations requiring seated position
3. Runs or climbs inappropriately
4. Difficulty playing quietly
5. Often "on the go" or acts as if "driven by a motor"
6. Talks excessively

Impulsivity Symptoms

1. Blurts out answers before questions are completed
2. Difficulty awaiting turn
3. Interrupts or intrudes on others

These symptoms must be persistent for at least six months and interfere with social, academic, or occupational functioning.

Usually when given a diagnosis, a therapist will give an ADHD diagnosis along with one of three descriptions: Hyperactive, Inattentive, or combined. One of the reasons why girls are less likely to be diagnosed than boys during childhood is because girls are more likely to exhibit primarily inattentive symptoms, which can go unnoticed for longer. 

As an adult, these symptoms may be tamped down (a behavior called “masking”) or navigated with using unhealthy coping mechanisms. Part of ADHD therapy is about learning what ADHD symptoms are most affecting you and finding healthy coping mechanisms to address them.

Medication for ADHD

If you or a loved one is struggling with ADHD, medication can be an important part of treatment, offering relief from symptoms and helping individuals regain focus and control. There are several different types of medications that a psychiatrist might prescribe for ADHD, depending on the individual and their specific symptoms.

Here are a few commonly prescribed medications for ADHD:

1. Stimulants: These medications increase the levels of dopamine and norepinephrine, neurotransmitters that play a role in attention and focus. Popular stimulants for ADHD include Adderall, Ritalin, and Dexedrine.
2. Non-Stimulants: Non-stimulant medications can also be effective for ADHD, often used for those who do not tolerate stimulant medications well. These medications usually take longer to work. Examples include Strattera (atomoxetine), Kapvay (clonidine), and Intuniv (guanfacine).
3. Antidepressants: Certain antidepressants may be prescribed off-label to treat ADHD. Bupropion (Wellbutrin), tricyclic antidepressants, and Effexor (venlafaxine) are some examples of antidepressants that may be used.

It's important to remember that medication is not a cure-all and should be used in combination with other treatments, like therapy and lifestyle changes, for optimal results. Furthermore, it's important to work closely with a qualified healthcare provider to understand the risks and benefits of different medications and find the right treatment plan for you.

How Can You Find the Right ADHD Counselor?

It is critical to find the right ADHD counselor to manage symptoms and improve overall well-being effectively. Consider the counselor's experience with ADHD, credentials, and whether or not they specialize in this field. Checking their licensing and training is also essential to ensure they have the right qualifications for helping. Requesting referrals from trusted sources can help you find the right therapist. A strong working relationship with a counselor who knows ADHD and offers evidence-based treatments can help manage symptoms and improve the overall quality of life. Take your time in locating the best counselor for you.

Take an ADHD Test

Although there is no substitute for a professional diagnosis, online tests for ADHD can help you determine if you have ADHD so you can take the steps to improve your life. Click here for a free online test for ADHD.

A strong working connection with a counselor who understands ADHD and provides evidence-based treatments can aid in symptom management and overall quality of life. This is the type of service we hope to offer at Lifebulb Therapy. For assistance, expert guidance, and ADHD counseling services, please visit our website.